Vacuum equipment and techniques

Direct and indirect laryngoscopy: equipment and techniques.

Visualization of the larynx by direct or indirect means is referred to as laryngoscopy and is the principal aim during airway management for passage of a tracheal tube. This paper presents a brief background regarding the development and practice of laryngoscopy and examines the equipment and techniques for both direct and indirect methods. Patient evaluation during the airway examination is di...

N Equipment and Techniques for Noninvasive Ventilation

livery of mechanical ventilation to patients with respiratory failure without the requirement of an artificial airway. The key change that led to the recent increase in the use of this technique occurred in the early 1980s with the introduction of the nasal continuous positive airway pressure mask for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Studies published in the 1990s that evaluated the ef...

Techniques Used for Vacuum Standardization

Numerous primary vacuum standards namely Mercury Manometer Standard, Volume Expansion Standard and Orifice Flow Standard of different ranges and designs have been developed by various international vacuum metrology laboratories, for the calibration of vacuum gauges. This paper briefly describes a variety of scientific techniques that had either been used or are employed in different primary vac...

Distribution of Vapor Pressure in the Vacuum Freeze-Drying Equipment

In the big vacuum freeze-drying equipment, the drying rate of materials is uneven at different positions. This phenomenon can be explained by the uneven distribution of vapor pressure in chamber during the freeze-drying process. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to describe the vapor flow in the passageways either between material plates and in the channel between plate groups. T...

Pulmonary & Nasal Delivery: New Devices, Manufacturing Equipment and Modelling Techniques